A Martini is a cocktail that is traditionally made with gin and dry white vermouth in a ratio of 5:1. However, since its creation in the second half of the nineteenth century, many variations have developed, with differing ratios of gin to vermouth to make a sweeter or drier drink. Vodka is also commonly used to replace the gin.
Although the exact origins of the Martini remains somewhat a mystery, many believe that the recipe was influenced by the Italian-American immigrant population who may well have introduced Martini Rosso vermouth to America. The drink gradually developed, becoming drier and drier, with the Martini Rosso eventually becoming replaced by dry white vermouth.
The view held by most professional bartenders is that a Martini must be stirred not shaken (contrary to James Bond's preference). The shaking action breaks up the ice, adding more water and thus slightly weakening the drink and altering the taste. Shaking can also add tiny air bubbles, which can lead to a cloudy drink rather than the classic clear cocktail. However, some may prefer the flavour and appearance of a shaken Martini, and may order what has become known as a 'Martini James Bond'.
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